name [- option ...] [ cmdarg ...]

where:

[] Surround an option or cmdarg that is not required.

... Indicates multiple occurrences of the option or cmdarg.

name The name of an executable file.

option

(Almost always preceded by a "-".)

noargletter ... or,

argletter optarg [,...]

noargletter

A single letter representing an option without an option-argument. Note that more than one noargletter option can be grouped after one "-".

argletter

A single letter representing an option requiring an option-argument.

optarg An option-argument (character string) satisfying a preceding argletter. Note that groups of optargs following an argletter must be separated by white space and quoted.

cmdarg

Path name (or other command argument) not beginning with a "-", or "-" by itself indicating the standard input.

Two columns of output are produced. The first column is the hex representation of the data. The second column is the ascii representation of the data. If the particular byte being printed is a non-printable ASCII character, it is printed as a '.'.

If the -c option is specified, the number following it is used to determine the number of columns (of bytes) per line. The default is 16.

If the filename is not specified, input is taken from standard input.

year can be between 1 and 9999. Be aware that `cal 78' refers to the early Christian era, not the 20th century. Also, the year is always considered to start in January, even though this is historically naive.

month is a number between 1 and 12.

The calendar produced is that for England and her colonies.

Try September 1752.

The options are as follows:

-b Implies the -n option but doesn't number blank lines.

-e Implies the -v option, and displays a dollar sign ($) at the end of each line as well.

-n Number the output lines, starting at 1.

-s Squeeze multiple adjacent empty lines, causing the output to be single spaced.

-t Implies the -v option, and displays tab characters as [^I] as well.

-u The -u option guarantees that the output is unbuffered.

-v Displays non-printing characters so they are visible. Control characters print line [^X] for control-X; the delete character (octal 0177) prints as [^?] Non-ascii characters (with the high bit set) are printed as [M-] (for meta) followed by the character for the low 7 bits.

The cat utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.

Defaults to 80 columns.

file Specifies the file to open for centering. Defaults to stdin.

-V version. Prints out the version number.

+ add a permission flag.

= add permission flag, and clear all other flags.

w write permission.

d destroy permission.

n rename permission.

b backup needed flag.

i invisible flag.

`Unlock' a file: % chmod +wdn foo

bb252@cleveland.freenet.edu

jamesb@cscihp.ecst.csuchico.edu

type is one of:

a decimal number [66]

a hexidecimal number preceeded by a $ [$42]

an official Apple mnemonic [FTD]

and auxtype is either:

a decimal number [64222]

a hexidecimal number preceeded by a $ [$FADE]

lang is one of:

CC ORCA/C

ASM65816 ORCA/M or APW Assembler

IBASIC ORCA/Integer Basic

LINK ZapLink

APWC APW C

PASCAL ORCA/Pascal

REZ Apple Resource Tool

EXEC Shell Script file

TMLPASCAL TML Pascal

If the -l is used, the -t and -a options cannot be used.

If some other error occurs, chtyp aborts with an error message.

chtyp -t \$50 -a \$8002 teach.file

skip1 and skip2 are initial byte offsets into filename1 and filename2 respectively, and may be either octal or decimal; a leading 0 denotes octal.

-s Silent. Print nothing for differing files; set exit codes only.

uncompress [-fCcvVkK?h][-Iinpath][-Ooutpath][filenames...]

zcat [-CvV?h][-Iinpath][-Ooutpath][filenames...]

-V print Version

-d decompress input (default is compress)

-v verbose

-f force overwrite of output file (default = off)

-n no header: useful to uncompress old files

-c write all output to stdout (default = off)

-C generate output compatible with compress 2.0

-k %s input file (default = keep)

-K %s output file on error (default = kill)

-b maxbits default = 16 bits

-I pathname infile path = none

-O pathname outfile path = none

-? -h help, print full usage message

The -f option will force compression of name. This is useful for compressing an entire directory, even if some of the files do not actually shrink. If -f is not given and compress is run in the foreground, the user is prompted as to whether an existing file should be overwritten.

The -c option makes compress/uncompress write to the standard output; no files are changed. The nondestructive behavior of zcat is identical to that of uncompress -c.

Compress uses the modified Lempel-Ziv algorithm popularized in "A Technique for High Performance Data Compression", Terry A. Welch, "IEEE Computer," vol. 17, no. 6 (June 1984), pp. 8-19. Common substrings in the file are first replaced by 9-bit codes 257 and up. When code 512 is reached, the algorithm switches to 10-bit codes and continues to use more bits until the limit specified by the -b flag is reached (default 16). Bits must be between 9 and 16. The default can be changed in the source to allow compress to be run on a smaller machine.

After the bits limit is attained, compress periodically checks the compression ratio. If it is increasing, compress continues to use the existing code dictionary. However, if the compression ratio decreases, compress discards the table of substrings and rebuilds it from scratch. This allows the algorithm to adapt to the next "block" of the file.

Note that the -b flag is omitted for uncompress, since the bits parameter specified during compression is encoded within the output, along with a magic number to ensure that neither decompression of random data nor recompression of compressed data is attempted.

The amount of compression obtained depends on the size of the input, the number of bits per code, and the distribution of common substrings. Typically, text such as source code or English is reduced by 50-60%. Compression is generally much faster compressing, but the output is not as small as freeze.

Under the -v option, a message is printed yielding the percentage of reduction for each file compressed.

If the -V option is specified, the current version and compile options are printed on stderr.

Invalid options were specified on the command line.

Missing maxbits

Maxbits must follow -b.

file : not in compressed format

The file specified to uncompress has not been compressed.

file : compressed with bits, can only handle yy bits

File was compressed by a program that could deal with more bits than the compress code on this machine. Recompress the file with smaller bits.

file : already has .Z suffix -- no change

The file is assumed to be already compressed. Rename the file and try again.

file : filename too long to tack on .Z

The file cannot be compressed because its name is longer than 12 characters. Rename and try again. This message does not occur on BSD systems.

file already exists; do you wish to overwrite (y or n)?

Respond "y" if you want the output file to be replaced; "n" if not.

Compression: "xx.xx%"

Percentage of the input saved by compression. (Relevant only for -v.)

-- not a regular file: unchanged

When the input file is not a regular file,(e.g. a directory), it is left unaltered.

-- file unchanged

No savings is achieved by compression. The input remains virgin.

-crlf convert line terminators from CR (Apple) to LF (Unix).

-lfcr convert line terminators from LF (Unix) to CR (Apple).

-detab spacing translate tabs to spaces, using tabs every spacing characters. A smart algorithm is used which only inserts enough spaces to move to the next tab stop. spacing is an integer less than 20.

-0001 converts all 0x00 bytes to 0x01 for using Macintosh sound files on the IIgs.

The options are as follows:

-a Generate an entry for each file.

-k By default, du displays the number of blocks as returned by the stat(2) system call, i.e. 512-byte blocks. If the -k flag is specified, the number displayed is the number of 1024-byte blocks with partial blocks rounded up.

-s Generate only the grand total. If neither -a or -s are specified, an entry is generated for each directory only.

-x Don't traverse any mount points.

Files having multiple hard links are counted (and displayed) a single time per du execution.

-n Show username instead of userID, which is default.

-l Long list. This includes PPID (parent's PID), MMID (Memory Manager ID) and a longer time field.

-w Wider list. A single w results in a 132 column wide listing, and two results in the whole command line being displayed. Normally the command line will be truncated to either 80 (default) or 132 (-w) columns.

-t tty Display only those processes that are owned by tty.

-u user Display only those processes that are owned by user.

bb252@cleveland.freenet.edu

jamesb@cscihp.ecst.csuchico.edu

The options are as follows:

-w width

Specifies a line width to use instead of the default 80 characters.Width should be a multiple of 8 if tabs are present, or the tabs should be expanded using conv(1) before using fold .

setvers file ' string1 ~ string2 ' [ country ] vmajrev.minrev.bugrev

To add information to the rVersion resource, setvers is used. The rVersion format allows for two stirngs of up to 255 characters, although it is suggested that for this use you keep each field shorter than 80 characters.

string1 is separated from string2 by a ~ (tilde) character, and both strings should be enclosed in single quotes. string1 is required to be the name of the program. Any `_' character in string2 will be interpreted as a carriage return. When using GNO, make sure to quote the single quotes and the tilde with backslashes.

The optional field country (no spaces allowed) allows you to set the country field of the rVersion resource. The last parameter is the current revision number of the program in the format majrev . minrev . bugrev, where

majrev is a single or double digit number from 00 to 99, and minrev and bugrev are single digit numbers from zero to nine.

Arabia Iceland

Australia Israel

Belgium/Luxembourg Italy

Bosnia/Herzegovena Japan

Britian Korea

China Malta

Cyprus Netherlands

Denmark Norway

Finland Portugal

France Spain

FrenchCanadian Sweden

FrenchSwiss Taiwan

GermanSwiss Thailand

Germany Turkey

Greece UnitedStates

chmod v01.0.0

James Brookes

jamesb@cscihp.ecst.csuchico.edu

Country: United States

in Orca:

# setvers chmod 'chmod~James Brookes_jamesb@cscihp.ecst.csuchico.edu' v01.0.0

in GNO:

% setvers chmod \'chmod\\~James Brookes_jamesb@cscihp.ecst.csuchico.edu\' v01.0.0

egrep [ -bchilnsv ] [ -e expression ] [ -f filename ] [ expression ] [ filename ... ]

fgrep [ -bchilnsvx ] [ -e string ] [ -f filename ] [ string ] [ filename ... ]

Take care when using the characters `$', `*', [, `^', `|', `(', `)', and `\' in the expression, as these characters are also meaningful to the shell. It is safest to enclose the entire expression argument in single quotes `...'

When any of the grep utilities is applied to more than one input file, the name of the file is displayed preceding each line which matches the pattern. The filename is not displayed when processing a single file, so if you actually want the filename to appear, use .null as a second file in the list.

-c Display a count of matching lines rather than displaying the lines which match.

-h Do not display filenames.

-i Ignore the case of letters in making comparisons - that is, upper and lower case are considered identical.

-l List only the names of files with matching lines (once) separated by NEWLINE characters.

-n Precede each line by its relative line number in the file.

-s Work silently, that is, display nothing except error messages. This is useful for checking the error status.

-v Invert the search to only display lines that do not match.

-w Search for the expression as a word as if surrounded by \< and \>. This applies to grep only.

-x Display only those lines which match exactly - that is, only lines which match in their entirety. This applies to fgrep only.

-e expression

Same as a simple expression argument, but useful when the expression begins with a `-'.

-e string

For fgrep the argument is a literal character string .

-f filename

Take the regular expression (egrep) or a list of strings separated by NEWLINE (fgrep) from filename .

c An ordinary character ( not one of the special characters discussed below) is a one-character regular expression that matches that character.

\ c A backslash (\) followed by any special character is a one-character regular expression that matches the special character itself. The special characters are:

• `.', `*', `[', and `\' (period, asterisk, left square bracket, and backslash, respectively), which are always special, except when they appear within square brackets ([]).

• `^' (caret or circumflex), which is special at the beginning of an entire regular expression, or when it immediately follows the left of a pair of square brackets ([]).

• $ (currency symbol), which is special at the end of an entire regular expression.

A backslash followed by one of `<', `>', `(', `)', `{', or `}', represents a special operator in the regular expression; see below.

. A `.' (period) is a one-character regular expression that matches any character except NEWLINE.

[ string ]

A non-empty string of characters enclosed in square brackets is a one-character regular expression that matches any one character in that string. If, however, the first character of the string is a `^' (a circumflex or caret), the one-character regular expression matches any character except NEWLINE and the remaining characters in the string. The `^' has this special meaning only if it occurs first in the string. The `-' (minus) may be used to indicate a range of consecutive ASCII characters; for example, [0-9] is equivalent to [0123456789]. The `-' loses this special meaning if it occurs first (after an initial `^', if any) or last in the string. The `]' (right square bracket) does not terminate such a string when it is the first character within it (after an initial `^', if any); that is, []a-f] matches either `]' (a right square bracket ) or one of the letters a through f inclusive. The four characters `.', `*', `[', and `\' stand for themselves within such a string of characters.

The following rules may be used to construct regular expressions:

* A one-character regular expression followed by `*' (an asterisk) is a regular expression that matches zero or more occurrences of the one-character regular expression. If there is any choice, the longest leftmost string that permits a match is chosen.

\(and\)

A regular expression enclosed between the character sequences \( and \) matches whatever the unadorned regular expression matches. This applies only to grep.

\ n The expression \ n matches the same string of characters as was matched by an expression enclosed between \( and \) earlier in the same regular expression. Here n is a digit; the sub-expression specified is that beginning with the n th occurrence of \( counting from the left. For example, the expression ^\(.*\)\1$ matches a line consisting of two repeated appearances of the same string.

Concatenation

The concatenation of regular expressions is a regular expression that matches the concatenation of the strings matched by each component of the regular expression.

\< The sequence \< in a regular expression constrains the one-character regular expression immediately following it only to match something at the beginning of a word; that is, either at the beginning of a line, or just before a letter, digit, or underline and after a character not one of these.

\> The sequence \> in a regular expression constrains the one-character regular expression immediately following it only to match something at the end of a word; that is, either at the end of a line, or just before a character which is neither a letter, digit, nor underline.

\{ m \}

\{ m ,\}

\{ m , n \}

A regular expression followed by \{ m \}, \{ m , \ }, or \{ m , n \} matches a range of occurrences of the regular expression. The values of m and n must be non-negative integers less than 256; \{ m \} matches exactly m occurrences; \{ m ,\} matches at least m occurrences; \{ m , n \} matches any number of occurrences between m and n inclusive. Whenever a choice exists, the regular expression matches as many occurrences as possible.

^ A circumflex or caret (^) at the beginning of an entire regular expression constrains that regular expression to match an initial segment of a line.

$ A currency symbol ($) at the end of an entire regular expression constrains that regular expression to match a final segment of a line.

The construction

example% ^ entire regular expression $

constrains the entire regular expression to match the entire line.

egrep accepts regular expressions of the same sort grep does, except for \(, \), \ n, \<, \>, \{, and \}, with the addition of:

* A regular expression (not just a one-character regular expression) followed by `*' (an asterisk) is a regular expression that matches zero or more occurrences of the one-character regular expression. If there is any choice, the longest leftmost string that permits a match is chosen.

+ A regular expression followed by `+' (a plus sign) is a regular expression that matches one or more occurrences of the one-character regular expression. If there is any choice, the longest leftmost string that permits a match is chosen.

? A regular expression followed by `?' (a question mark) is a regular expression that matches zero or one occurrences of the one-character regular expression. If there is any choice, the longest leftmost string that permits a match is chosen.

| Alternation: two regular expressions separated by `|' or NEWLINE match either a match for the first or a match for the second.

() A regular expression enclosed in parentheses matches a match for the regular expression.

The order of precedence of operators at the same parenthesis level is `[ ]' (character classes), then `*' `+' `?' (closures),then concatenation, then `|' (alternation) and NEWLINE.

example% fgrep intro /usr/share/man/man3/*.3*

Look for character classes using grep:

example% grep '[1-8]([CJMSNX])' /usr/share/man/man1/*.1

Look for alternative patterns using egrep:

example% egrep '(Sally|Fred) (Smith|Jones|Parker)' telephone.list

To get the filename displayed when only processing a single file, use .null as the second file in the list:

example% grep 'Sally Parker' telephone.list /dev/null

foreach filename (*)

if (`grep " re " $ filename | wc -l` == 0) echo $ filename

end

Ideally there should be only one grep.

There are a large number of options:

-l List in long format, giving mode, number of links,owner, size in bytes, and time of last modification for each file. If the file is a special file the size field will instead contain the major and minor device numbers. If the file is a symbolic link the pathname of the linked-to file is printed preceded by ``->''.

-t Sort by time modified (latest first) instead of by name.

-a List all entries; in the absence of this option, entries whose names begin with a period (.) or whose GS/OS 'invisible' flag is set are not listed.

-A List all entries except for the current directory (.) and the parent directory (..).

-s Give size in kilobytes of each file.

-d If argument is a directory, list only its name; often used with -l to get the status of a directory.

-L If argument is a symbolic link, list the file or directory the link references rather than the link itself. Note that if the link references a directory the link is always followed, unless the -l option is used.

-r Reverse the order of sort to get reverse alphabetic or oldest first as appropriate.

-u Use time of last access instead of last modification for sorting (with the -t option) and/or printing (with the -l option).

-c Use time of file creation for sorting or printing.

-i For each file, print the i-number in the first column of the report.

-f Force each argument to be interpreted as a directory and list the name found in each slot. This option turns off -l, -t, -s, and -r, and turns on -a; the order is the order in which entries appear in the directory.

-F Cause directories to be marked with a trailing `/', sockets with a trailing `=', executable files with a trailing `*', and symbolic links to files with a trailing `@'. Symbolic links to directories are marked with a trailing `/', unless the -l option is also used.

-R recursively list subdirectories encountered.

-1 force one entry per line output format; this is the default when output is not to a terminal.

-C force multi-column output; this is the default when output is to a terminal.

-q force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as the character `?'; this is the default when output is to a terminal.

-n Causes ls to not sort files; this is useful when organizing libraries in alphabetical order for ORCA languages.

The mode printed under the -l option contains 11 characters which are interpreted as follows: the first character is

e if the entry has a resource fork,

d if the entry is a directory;

b if the entry is a block-type special file;

c if the entry is a character-type special file;

l if the entry is a symbolic link;

s if the entry is a socket, or

- if the entry is a plain file.

The next 9 characters are interpreted as three sets of three bits each. The first set refers to owner permissions; the next refers to permissions to others in the same user-group; and the last to all others. Within each set the three characters indicate permission respectively to read, to write, or to execute the file as a program. For a directory, `execute' permission is interpreted to mean permission to search the directory. The permissions are indicated as follows:

i if the file is invisible

d if the file can be deleted

r if the file is readable;

w if the file is writable;

x if the file is executable;

- if the indicated permission is not granted.

The group-execute permission character is given as s if the file has the set-group-id bit set; likewise the user-execute permission character is given as s if the file has the set-user-id bit set.

When the sizes of the files in a directory are listed, a total count of blocks, including indirect blocks is printed.

GNO and GS/OS do not currently support links, user/group permissions, the concept of 'i-numbers', or 'special' files; thus, ls options that deal with these are ignored.

lseg is intended for discovering the location of stack segments in existing applications (for editing to smaller sizes), as an aid in determining how to segment large C files whose segments exceed the bank size, and for deciding which segments to recombine after excessive segmentation.

inputFile is the name of the Program Description File. If absent, make defaults to using 'makefile' as the PDF. make's options are as follows:

-d Display the modification date and time as each file is checked.

-p Operate in programmer/debug mode.

-s Operate in silent mode.

The logical definition of each of the PDF parameters follows:

# Comments begin with a pound sign "#".

#

TargetFile: DependentFile1 \ #

DependentFile2 DependentFilen

ShellCommand1

ShellCommand2

.

.

ShellCommandn

The TargetFile parameter must start in column one and ends with a colon ":". It can be a full path name, partial path name or file in the current directory. This file is usually an object type file created by a compiler. Dependent file parameter(s) follow the semicolon and are separated by a space, a comma or both. Dependent file parameters are usually CC, PAS, ASM or some type of included SRC file. Essentially, TargetFile is the result of compiling the dependent source files.

make obtains the modfication date and time of the Target file and then compares it to each of the dependent file(s) moving left to right. If one of the dependent files has a date and time later than the Target file, the subsequent ShellCommands are executed. Target/Dependent parameters may be continued by placing a reverse slash "\" on the line following a dependent file parameter. make will interpret the next line as dependent file parameters which may also be continued and so on. There should not be any blank lines between the continued line and next line.

ShellCommands must contain a space in column one to differentiate them from Target/Dependent file parameters. If make determines that a Target file needs to be recreated, the ShellCommands following the Target/Dependent file parameters are passed, as is, to the shell interpreter. The commands must be valid shell commands. ShellCommands are executed until a blank line is encountered or an error occurs during the execution of the last command. If an error occurs, make terminates without reading the remaining PDF parameters. If a blank line is read, make returns to Target/Dependent search mode.

MAKE Example

#

# File: Example.Make - A MAKE example PDF #

Menu.Root: Menu.CC # Contains menu related routines

compile menu.cc keep=menu

Window.Root: Window.CC # Contains window handling routines

compile window.cc keep=window

Misc.Root: Misc.CC Misc.h # Contains miscellaneous program routines

compile misc.cc keep=misc

Main.Root: Main.CC Include/Main.h Include/Misc.h # Main program

compile main.cc keep=main

MyProg: Menu.Root Window.Root Misc.Root \ # re-link required?

Main.Root # check all dependent files

link main misc menu window keep=myprog # Shell comment

chtyp -t s16 myprog # change type to S16

# End of PDF

The example PDF shows a program that is made up of 4 source files. The Main and Misc routines are also dependent on include files containing information that if changed would force a re-compile of that module.

One thing to keep in mind is the order of Target/Dependent parameters can be important. make examines the PDF from the top down. If a file is modified due to a command later in the PDF, make will not return to a previous Target/Dependent parameter in which that file was a dependent file.

The dependency information for all the source files specified is then written to a file 'makefile' in the current directory.

makemake does not create link scripts nor does it put an executable dependendcy into the file, as these require link information not available from the makemake command line.

nroff Unix standard typesetting package

aroff formats AppleWorks GS(tm) documents

cat used to display preformatted documents

If the option section argument is specified, man looks specifically in that section of the manual for the manpage. This is needed in situations where there are manpages with the same name in different sections (for example, sleep(1) and sleep(3).

USRMAN

This variable is required . It points to the manual system root directory.

PAGER

man uses more as the default pager. If you wish to use a different pager, less perhaps, then you must set this variable to point to that pager.

Manual pages may be compressed with compress or freeze, in which case the appropriate program is called to uncompress the manual file.

mkdir only creates the filename portion of the specified path. If, for instance, you do

mkdir /usr/local/bbs/foo

directory foo will only be created if all of /usr, local, and bbs exist.

Every time more has displayed a screen of text, it displays a prompt

- filename (xx%) -

indicating the percentage of the file that has been viewed and its filename. If standard input is used,

' - more - '

is used as the prompt instead.

A number of key commands are available at the prompt.

q quit viewing the current file, and move to the next file (if any)

[RETURN]

display the next line of the file

[ESC] abort more, including any more files that may have been specified

[SPACE]

display the next page of the file

To cancel passwd, type CTRL-@ when asked to enter the new password.

The -? flag causes passwd to display a brief usage message, and the -v flag causes passwd to display version information.

Internet uerics@mcl.mcl.ucsb

AOL Sheppy